Illegality and Organized Crime in Tuscany’s Economy – 2025 Report

REGIONAL COUNCIL BOOKS Series – Society – No. 13
ISBN 0978-88-7040-179-0

This report was produced by IRPET researchers under the coordination of Patrizia Lattarulo, director of the Public Economics Research Area.
The chapters are attributed as follows:
Chapters 1: Patrizia Lattarulo
Chapter 2: Giuseppe Francesco Gori
Chapter 3: Tommaso Ferraresi (§§ 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, and 3.5) and Donatella Marinari (§ 3.3)
Chapters 4-7: Donatella Marinari
Chapter 8: Giuseppe Francesco Gori
Chapter 9: Leonardo Piccini and Leonardo Ghezzi
Chapter 10: Letizia Ravagli and Maria Luisa Maitino (§ 10.1), Tommaso Ferraresi and Leonardo Ghezzi (§ 10.2), Claudia Ferretti and Patrizia Lattarulo (§ 10.3)
Chapter 11: Luciano Benedetti (local finance expert, former Director of the Finance Office of the Municipality of Siena), Claudia Ferretti, and Patrizia Lattarulo (§ 11.1); Patrizia Lattarulo (§ 11.2)
Editing: Elena Zangheri, IRPET

The unobserved economy manifests itself not only through openly illegal activities, but also through less visible behaviors that nonetheless profoundly impact the functioning of the country. According to IRPET estimates, in Tuscany well over €14 billion escapes the healthy part of the economy each year, through underground and illegal activities: a share that, in relation to the regional GDP, mirrors the national picture. This dimension is far from marginal, typical of economically advanced regions and therefore more susceptible to the commission of economic crimes. Furthermore, it is a changing phenomenon, which over the years has favored increasingly sophisticated forms of economic infiltration, capable of exploiting sectoral weaknesses, moments of crisis, and structural vulnerabilities of the production system. (…)

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